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Executive Order 11375
Executive Order 11375, signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson on October 13, 1967, banned discrimination on the basis of sex in hiring and employment in both the United States federal workforce and on the part of government contractors.
==Background==
During the legislative effort to enact the Civil Rights Act of 1964, "sex" was not among the categories the bill initially covered. In the House of Representatives, Southern opponents of the legislation, led by Rep. Howard Smith of Virginia, proposed adding "sex" to the original list—race, color, religion, or national origin—in the hope that liberal support for that addition would make the entire bill unacceptable to the bill's more moderate supporters and lead to the bill's defeat. Aware of that strategy, civil rights groups and even the American Association of University Women opposed the addition, but a coalition of conservative opponents of civil rights legislation and liberal civil rights advocates voted to include "sex" and it survived the legislative process to become part of the law. Authorities charged with responsibility for enforcing the Civil Rights Act focused on racial discrimination and belittled sex-based discrimination. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), charged with enforcing the 1964 act, even decided in 1965 that segregated job advertising—"Help Wanted Male" and "Help Wanted Female"—was permissible because it served "the convenience of readers".〔''New York Times'': (John Herbers, "Help Wanted: Picking the Sex for the Job," September 28, 1965 ), accessed March 25, 2012〕 Advocates for women's rights founded the National Organization for Women (NOW) in June 1966 out of frustration with the enforcement of the sex bias provisions of the Civil Rights Act and Executive Order 11375.〔National Organization for Women: ("The Founding of NOW ), accessed March 25, 2012〕
Franklin D. Roosevelt, Jr., head of the EEOC, counseled patience and pointed out that because of the way the word "sex" had been inserted into the legislation, the EEOC had no legislative history or testimony before Congressional committees to guide it through "a number of very serious problems of interpretation, implementation and jurisdiction."〔''New York Times'': (Edith Evans Asbury, "Protest Proposed on Women's Jobs," October 13, 1965 ), accessed March 25, 2012〕 NOW and other women's advocacy groups, as well as the President's Citizens Advisory Group on the Status of Women, urged the President to bring government policy with respect to sex discrimination into line with other forms of bias prevention. Assistant Secretary of Labor Esther Peterson lent support as well.〔Advisory Committee on Intergovernmental Relations, ''The Evolution of a Problematic Partnership: The Feds and Higher Ed'' (The Federal Role in the Federal System: The Dynamics of Growth, vol. 6, 1981), 41-2, (available online ), accessed March 24, 2012〕〔''New York Times'': (Max Frankel, "Johnson Signs Order to Protect Women in U.S. Jobs from Bias," October 14, 1967 ), accessed March 24, 2012〕
On the day Johnson signed Executive Order 11375, John W. Macy. Jr., chairman of the Civil Service Commission, noted that women generated about a third of the complaints his agency received about unfair employment practices, although they represented a modest proportion of the federal workforce. He said women held 658 of the 23,000 jobs paying $18,000 annually, 74 of the 5,000 paying $20,000, 41 of the 2,300 paying $22,000, and 36 of the 17,000 paying $25,000.〔
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